(This is going to be a really long post. I've been reading up on them as a sociological phenomenon lately.)
I specifically sought out colleges that have no Greek organizations (other than honor societies--I'll qualify as an Alpha Chi Sigma next semester). From here on out, I'm going to be talking about college social fraternities. There are other kinds, like community service and professional ones, but they're probably not what you were asking about.
My great-grandmother founded one of the national sororities, and no, I'm not saying which one. My grandmother founded and was president of a local chapter of the same sorority. My mom, sister, and female cousins all express the same distaste for Greek life that I have.
Since you asked, fraternities and sororities are student-run clubs. Most of them answer to some sort of national governance board, but some local ones do not. During Rush Week (usually around the end of the fall semester/beginning of spring semester), all the national sororities/fraternities start looking for new members. Students can go to various events held by the group and decide which they'd like to join.
If the sorority/frat likes that student, they get a bid. That means that they get to become a pledge. Yes, I think that this is as stupid as it sounds. Between when a student is pledged to join and when they get their pin (are inducted as a full member), they used to have to go through some hazing. However, the National Panhellenic Conference (yes, this exists. It's the overseeing body for all national Greek organizations) banned hazing a few years ago. It still exists, but it's more underground now.
After that, the new member can move into the fraternity/sorority house, if they so choose and if the organization has one. There's a lot of parties, many of which are broken up by the campus police--who usually monitor the Greek organizations on campus more closely than other groups.
Sororities and fraternities are blamed for basically every ill that society has. Eating disorders, binge drinking, violence against women--you name it. There is a degree of truth to this, but there are some sororities and fraternities that do lots of good in their communities. I see a lot of sorority sisters and fraternity brothers when I do community service these days. On the other hand, a lot of them were being public nuisances the night before, so there you are.
I wouldn't join one, but they're apparently fairly useful for making new friends and getting into established social networks. (Have you seen the scenes in the Legally Blonde movies where Elle gets other Delta Nus involved? That's not far from the truth. My grandma could change the world with one or two phone calls to her old sisters.) They're less of a big deal than they used to be, and most American college students are not members of any Greek organization.
Anything else you want to know about them?
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